The taxonomy of uses of educational technologies is a learner-centered framework for analyzing or systematically developing powerful environments for learning. Rather than focusing on technology or media characteristics per se, it emphasizes the purposes of the learner. It can thus help us determine the most appropriate technologies for learning, given the educational goals and the available educational resources.

References

• Levin, James A., & Bruce, Bertram C. (2003). Technology as media: A learner centered perspective. In Y. Zhao (Ed.), What should teachers know about technology? Perspectives and practices. Information Age (pp. 45-51). Translated into Spanish by Iván M. Jorrín Abellán: Tecnología como Medio de Comunicación: Una perspectiva centrada en el estudiante.
• Bruce, Bertram C., & Levin, James A. (2003). Roles for new technologies in language arts: Inquiry, communication, construction, and expression. In James Flood, Diane Lapp, James R. Squire, & Julie R. Jensen (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching the English language arts, 2nd edition (pp. 649-657). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [ISBN 0-8058-4518-6]
• Bruce, Bertram C. (2000). Modeling and visualization across learning contexts. In Marcia Linn, Lisa Bievenue (NCSA), Sharon J. Derry, M. E. Verona, & Umesh Thakkar (Eds.), Workshop to integrate computer-based modeling and scientific visualization into teacher education programs. Champaign, IL: National Center for Supercomputing Applications/EOT-PACI.
• Levin, James A., & Bruce, Bertram C. (2001). Technology as media: The learner centered perspective. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Seattle WA.
• Bruce, Bertram C. (1999, February 3). A taxonomy of educational technology uses. HRE Online: Instructional design (S. Downey & A. Wadsworth). Human Resource Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (a RealMedia presentation)
• Bruce, Bertram C., & Levin, James A. (1997). Educational technology: Media for inquiry, communication, construction, and expression. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 17(1), 79-102.

Use of the taxonomy in courses (with additional examples)

• Lin, Lin (2007). CECS 5200: Technology Media in Education, Dept. of Learning Technologies, University of North Texas. Students place new media and technologies into the categories of inquiry, communication, construction, and expression.
• Levin, Jim (1999, Summer). TEP 231: NewTechmnologies for Learning. Teaching Education Program, University of California at San Diego. Exemplars and the Bruce/Levin taxonomy.
• Levin, Jim (1996, Fall). EdPsy 387: Computer Uses in Education. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Examples that challenge the Bruce/Levin taxonomy.
• Levin, Jim (1999, Spring).  EdPsy 387: Computer Uses in Education. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Examples that challenge the Bruce/Levin taxonomy.
• Levin, Jim (1998, Spring).  EdPsy 387: Computer Uses in Education. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Examples that challenge the Bruce/Levin taxonomy.